31 January 2011

A Wild Pig Gleamed Among Violets


“The Man Explains His Souvenirs” by Charles Rafferty.  I know nothing about who Charles Rafferty is, and often skip the poetry in The New Yorker.  The way the poems are stranded in the page, alone and contextless, surrounded by an article, seems very distressing.  A feeling, which, for me at least, tends to preclude reading the poems.  This one caught my attention anyway.  From The New Yorker magazine, January 17, 2011.

The Man Explains His Souvenirs

Twenty years ago, the skeleton
of a wild pig gleamed among violets
while the leaf rot around it
grew hot with spring.  I slipped
the molar out of its grin like an oiled key
and took it home, leaving the boar
to reassemble, if it ever did,
at a gap-toothed resurrection.  I hold it up
to show my daughters.  They are less
impressed each year.  I have antlers
and trilobites and chips of pretty bedrock
from all the places where the sun came up
to burn me awake with beauty—even
a turtle shell we used as an ashtray
in the first apartment, on the bank
of a creek that flooded every March
and took our trash out to sea.  All of it
sleeps in a basement box—a kind of coffin
for my former life, but also a proof
that I stooped to the world,
that I kept what came my way.

26 January 2011

Inveterate Foe / Hated One

Introduction to the book of Job, from The HarperCollins Study Bible, Revised Edition, 2006

JOB

The central theme of the book of Job is the possibility of disinterested righteousness.  The author asks whether virtue depends on a universe that operates by the principle of reward and punishment.  At stake is the survival of religion, service to God without thought of the carrot or the stick.  Then innocent suffering cannot quench the fires of spiritual devotion.  Job’s response to adversity in the prologue affirms such faith.  A secondary theme is innocent suffering, for which several explanations are put forth: the retributive, disciplinary, probative, eschatological, redemptive, revelatory, ineffable, and incidental.

Structure
The book’s structure can be viewed from the standpoint of its diction, drama, or individual components in outline form.  A frame narrative, in prose, encloses a poetic debate.  This combination is found also in some other ancient wisdom texts, such as the Aramaic tale of “Ahikar” and the Egyptian Instruction of Ankhsheshonky.  Alternatively, three dramatic episodes take place, each introduced by brief comments in 1.1-5; 2.11-13; 32.1-5.  Thus the hero is afflicted (1.1-2.10), complains and is rebuked by three friends (2.11-31.40), and after a young enthusiast takes up the task of demonstrating Job’s folly, God rebukes Job but restores him (32.1-42.17).  A more natural division consists of Job’s affliction (chs. 1-2), a dispute between him and three friends (chs. 3-31), a monologue by a previously unmentioned person (chs. 32-37), two divine speeches and two submissions on Job’s part (38.1-42.6) and a prose “happy ending” (42.7-17)
            Tensions exist between prose and poetry and even within each literary form: the story’s patient hero and the defiant Job of the dialogue; a divinely commended hero in the prose and a rebuked one in the poetry; the divine name Yahweh in the folktale and El, Eloah, and Shaddai in the poetry (with one exception); a “happy ending” despite the arguments of the hero that God does not deal with humans on the basis of merit; vanishing characters—the Satan and Elihu; a hymn (ch. 28) that anticipates the answer provided by the theophany; and two divine speeches with two responses.  Although skilled authors can use dissonance effectively, the book is at odds with itself and irony abounds.

Setting
            The events of the book are set in patriarchal (or prepatriarchal) times when heroes such as Noah, Daniel, and Job (cf. Ezek 14.14, 20) are thought to have lived.  Job’s possessions are appropriate to that age: cattle and servants.  The monetary unit in the epilogue (42.11) is mentioned elsewhere only in Gen 33.19 (and Josh 24.32, alluding to this incident).  Job’s three friends and the enemy marauders, Sabeans and Chaldeans, belong to clans from the patriarchal world.  His sacrifice of animals accords with practice prior to the time of official priests.  The life span of the restored hero is at home in patriarchal times.  The name Job, which could be translated “enemy,” corresponds to Akkadian names with such translations as “Where is the divine father?” and “Inveterate Foe/Hated One.”

Date
            The date of composition cannot be determined, but several things point to the late sixth or fifth century BCE: the linguistic evidence, the possible allusion to the Behistun Rock, the mention of caravans from Tema and Sheba, the “Persian” nomenclature of officials, and the development of the figure of Satan corresponding to the stage represented by Zechariah but less developed than that presented in Chronicles.  The theological ideas in the book may also support this relatively late date when compared with similar literary complexes, Jeremiah’s laments, the lyrical hymns in Second Isaiah (Isa 40-55, sixth century BCE) hymnic fragments in the book of Amos and Pss 37; 49; 73.  The book’s monotheism and monogamy are consistent with a late date.  The choice of an Edomite for the hero after 587/5 BCE, but the patriarchal setting ruled out an Israelite, and the Edomites were celebrated for wisdom.  The book’s silence about the events of the exile is surprising, for Job’s personal misery is in some ways like that of exiles.  The Targum of Job and the Testament of Job, works from the Second Temple period, prove that the Biblical text of Job was in circulation by the end of the second century BCE.  The Testament of Job exaggerates Job’s charity, depicts his wife favorably, emphasizes his fight against idolatry, speculates about Satan, and alludes to cosmological dualism, magic, and mysticism.  The Letter of James recalls the folktale about the endurance of Job (5.11).

Related Texts
            The closest analogy to the book of Job is “The Babylonian Thoedicy.”  Several other ancient texts resemble the Biblical book to some degree.  From the twelfth dynasty in Egypt (1990-1785 BCE) come “The Admonitions of Ipuwer,” “A Dispute Between a Man and His Ba (Soul),” and “The Eloquent Peasant.”  Second-millennium Mesopotamia furnished closer parallels: the Sumerian “A Man and His God,” “I Will Praise the Lord of Wisdom,” and “A Dialogue Between a Master and His Slave.” Parallels to the Canaanite Keret legend are more remote.  [JAMES L. CRENSHAW]

21 January 2011

Incomprehensible Is Something These Things Do.


“Rain” by Frederick Seidel.  From The New Yorker magazine, January 10, 2011

Rain

Rain falls on the Western world,
The coldest spring in living memory everywhere.
Winter in mid-May means the darling buds of May uncurled
On an ice-cold morgue slab, smilingly shaking loose their beautiful hair.
London rains every day anyway.
Paris is freezing.  It’s May, but Rome is cold.
Motorcycles being tested at the factory in Varese north of Milan are gray
Victims screaming in place and can’t get out and won’t get sold.

It’s the recession.
It’s very weird in New York.
Teen vampires are the teen obsession,
Rosebud mouths who don’t use a knife and fork.
Germany at first won’t save Greece, but really has to.
It’s hot in parts of Texas, but rain drowns Tennessee, people die.
It’s the euro.  It’s the Greek debt.  Greece knew
It had to stop lying, but timeo Danaos, they’re Greeks, Greeks lie.

Canoeing in the Ozarks with Pierre Leval, the rain came down so hard
The river rose twenty-three feet in the pre-dawn hours and roared.
Came the dawn, there was improbably a lifeguard,
There was a three-legged dog, the jobless numbers soared.
Dreamers woke in the dark and drowned, with time to think this can’t be true.
Incomprehensible is something these things do.
They bring the Dow Jones into the Ozarks and the Ozarks into the E.U.
A raving flash flood vomits out of a raindrop.  The Western world is in the I.C.U.

Entire trees rocket past.  One wouldn’t stand a chance in the canoe.
A thee-legged dog appears, then the guy it belongs to.
You instantly knew
You’d run into a hillbilly backwoods crazy, itching to kill you.
Berlin and Athens, as the Western world flickers,
Look up and blink in the rain and lick the rain and shiver and freeze.
They open black umbrellas and put on yellow slickers
And weep sugar like honeybees dying of the bee disease.

18 January 2011

"Spokesman Denies That He's A Spokesman"


BOB DYLAN—CHRONICLES, VOL. 1, 2004

I had been in a motorcycle accident and I’d been hurt, but I recovered.  Truth was that I wanted to get out of that race.
A few years earlier Ronnie Gilbert, one of The Weavers, had introduced me at one of the Newport Folk Festivals saying, “And here he is…Take him, you know him, he’s yours.”  I had failed to sense the ominous forebodings in the introduction.  Elvis had never been introduced like that.  “Take him, he’s yours!”  What a crazy thing to say!  Screw that.  As far as I knew, I didn’t belong to anybody then or now.  I had a wife and children whom I loved more than anything else in the world.  I was trying to provide for them, keep out of trouble, but the big bugs in the press kept promoting me as the mouthpiece, spokesman, or even conscience of a generation.  All I’d ever done was sing songs that were dead straight and expressed powerful new realities.  I had very little in common with and knew even less about a generation that I was supposed to be the voice of.  I’d left my hometown only ten years earlier, wasn’t vociferation the opinions of anybody.  My destiny lay down the road with whatever life invited, had nothing to do with representing any kind of civilization.  Being true to yourself, that was the thing.  I was more a cowpuncher than a Pied Piper.
People think that fame and riches translate into power, that it brings glory and honor and happiness.  Maybe it does, but sometimes it doesn’t.  I found myself in Woodstock, vulnerable and with a family to protect.  If you looked in the press, though, you saw me being portrayed as anything but that.  It was surprising how thick the smoke had become.  It seems like the world has always needed a scapegoat—someone to lead the charge against the Roman Empire, and someone else would have to step up and volunteer.  I really was never any more than what I was—a folk musician who gazed into the gray mist with tear-blinded eyes and made up songs that floated in a luminous haze.  Now it had blown up in my face and was hanging over me.  I wasn’t a preacher performing miracles.  It would have driven anybody mad.
Early on, Woodstock had been very hospitable to us.  I had actually discovered the place long before moving there.  Once, at night, driving down from Syracuse after playing a show, I told my manager about the town.  We were going to be driving right by it.  He said he was looking for a place to buy a country house.  We drove through the town, he spied a house he like and bought it there and then.  I had bought one later on, and it was in this same house that intruders started to break in day and night.  Tensions mounted almost immediately and peace was hard to come by.  At one time the place had been a quiet refuge, but now, no more.  Roadmaps to our homestead must have been posted in all fifty states for gangs of dropouts and druggies.  Moochers showed up from as far away as California on pilgramages.  Goons were breaking into our place all hours of the night.  At first, it was merely the nomadic homeless making illegal entry—seemed harmless enough, but the rouge radicals looking for the Prince of Protest began to arrive—unaccountable-looking characters, gargoyle-looking gals, stragglers looking to party, raid the pantry.  Peter LaFarge, a folksinger friend of mine, had given me a couple of Colt single-shot repeater pistols, and I also had a clip-fed Winchester blasting rifle around, but it was awful to think about what could be done with those things.  The authorities, the chief of police (Woodstock had about three cops) had told me that if anyone was shot accidentally or even shot at as a warning, it would be me that would be going to the lockup.  Not only that, but creeps thumping their boots across our roof could even take me to court if any of them fell off.  This was so unsettling.  I wanted to set fire to these people.  These gate-crashers, spooks, trespassers, demagogues were all disrupting my home life, and the fact that I was not to piss them off or they could press charges really didn’t appeal to me.  Each day and night was fraught with difficulties.  Everything was so wrong, the world was absurd.  It was backing me into a corner.  Even persons near and dear offered no relief.
Once in the midsummer madness I was riding in a car with Robbie Robertson, the guitar player in what was later to be called The Band.  I felt like I might as well have been living in another part of the solar system.  He says to me, “Where do you think you’re gonna take it?”
I said, “Take what?”
“You know, the music scene.”  The whole music scene!  The window was rolled down about an inch.  I rolled it down the rest of the way, felt a gust of wind blow into my face and waited for what he said to die away—it was like dealing with a conspiracy.  No place was far enough away.  I don’t know what everybody else was fantasizing about, but what I was fantasizing about was a nine-to-five existence, a house on a tree-lined block with a white picket fence, pink roses in the backyard.  That would have been nice.  That was my deepest dream.  After a while you learn that privacy is something you can sell, but you can’t buy it back.
Joan Baez recorded a protest song about me that was getting big play, challenging me to get with it—come out and take charge, lead the masses—be an advocate, lead the crusade.  The song called out to me from the radio like a public-service announcement.  The press never let up.  Once in a while I would have to rise up and offer myself to the press for an interview so the wouldn’t beat down the door.  Usually the question would start out with something like, “Can we talk further upon thins that are happening?” “Sure, like what?”  Reporters would shoot questions at me , and I would tell them repeatedly that I was not a spokesman for anything or anybody and that I was only a musician.  They’d look into my eyes as if to find some evidence of bourbon and handfuls of amphetamines.  I had no idea what they were thinking.  Later an article would hit the streets with the headline, “Spokesman Denies That He’s a Spokesman.”  I felt like a piece of meat that someone had thrown to the dogs.  The New York Times printing quacky interpretations of my songs.  Esquire magazine out a four-faced monster on the cover, my face along with Malcolm X’s, Kennedy’s, and Castro’s.  What the hell was that supposed to mean?  It was like I was on the edge of the earth.  If anybody had any sound advice or guidance to offer, it wasn’t forthcoming.  My wife, when she married me, had no idea of what she was getting into.  Me neither, actually, and now we were in a no-win situation. 
I couldn’t just lie there, had to take the bull by the horns myself and remodel the image of me, change the perception of it anyway.  There aren’t any rules to cover an emergency of this kind.  This was a new thing for me, and I wasn’t used to thinking this way.  I’d have to send out deviating signals, crank up the wrecking train—create some different impressions.
At first I was only able to do little things, local things.  Tactic, really.  Unexpected thing like pouring a bottle of whisky over my head an walking into a department store and acting pie-eyed, knowing that everyone would be talking among themselves when I left.  I was hoping that the news would spread.  What mattered to me most was getting breathing room for my family.  The whole spectral world could go to hell.  My outer image would have to be something a bit more confusing, a bit more humdrum.  It’s hard to live like this.  It takes all your effort.  The firt thing that has to go is any form of artistic self-expression that’s dear to you.  Art is unimportant next to life, and you have no choice.  I had no hunger for it anymore, anyway.  Creativity has much to do with experience, observation, and imagination, and if any one of those key elements is missing, it doesn’t work.  It was impossible now for me to observe anything without being observed.  Even when I walked to the corner store someone would spot me and sneak away to find a phone.
I went to Jerusalem, got myself photographed at the Western Wall wearing a skullcap.  The image was transmitted worldwide instantly, and quickly all the great rags changed me overnight into a Zionist.  This helped a little.  Coming back I quickly recorded what appeared to be a country-western record and made sure it sounded pretty bridled and housebroken.  The music press didn’t know what to make of it.  I used a different voice, too.  People scratched their heads.  I started a rumor with my record company that I would be quitting music and going to college, the Rhode Island School of Design—which eventually leaked out to the columnists.  “He won’t last a month,” some people said.  Journalists began asking in print, “Whatever happened to the old him?”  They could go to hell, too.  Stories were printed about me trying to find myself, that I was on some eternal search, that I was suffering some kind of internal torment.  It all sounded good to me.  I released one album (a double one) where I just threw everything I could think of at the wall, and whatever stuck, released it, and then went back and scooped up everything that didn’t stick and released that, too.  I missed out on Woodstock—just wasn’t there.  Altamont—sympathy for the devil—missed that, too.  Eventually I would record and entire album based on Chekov short stories—critics thought it was autobiographical—that was fine.  I played a part in a movie, wore cowboy duds and galloped down the road.
The novelist Herman Melville’s work went largely unnoticed after Moby-Dick.  Critics thought he crossed the literary line and recommended burning Moby-Dick.  By the time of his death he was largely forgotten.
I had assumed that when critics dismissed my work, the same thing would happen to me, that the public would forget about me.  How mad is that?  Eventually, I would have to face the music—go back to performing—the long-awaited ballyhooed reunion tour—gypsy tours—changing ideologies like tires, like shoes, like guitar strings.  What’s the difference?  As long as my own form of certainty stayed intact, I owed nobody nothing.  I wasn’t going to go deeper into the darkness for anybody.  I was already living in the darkness.  My family was my light, and I was going to protect that light at all cost.  That was where my dedication was, first, last, and everything in between.  What did I owe the rest of the world?  Nothing.  Not a damn thing.  The press?  I figured you lie to it.  For the public eye, I went into the bucolic and mundane as far as possible.  In my real life I got to do the things that I loved the best and that was all that mattered—the Little League games, birthday parties, taking my kids to school, camping trips, boating, rafting, canoeing, fishing…I was living on record royalties.  In reality I was imperceptible, my image, that is.  Sometime in the past I had written and performed songs that were most original and most influential, and I didn’t know if I ever would again and I didn’t care.
The actor Tony Curtis once told me that fame is an occupation in itself, that it is a separate thing.  And Tony couldn’t be more right.  The old image slowly faded, and in time I found myself no longer under the canopy of some malignant influence.  Eventually different anachronisms were thrust upon me—anachronisms of lesser dilemma—thought they might seem bigger.  Legend, icon, enigma (Buddha in European clothes was my favorite)—stuff like that, but that was all right.  These titles were placid and harmless, threadbare, easy to get around with them.  Prophet, messiah, savior—those are the though ones.